CDs vs Bonds vs Money-Market Funds vs Treasury Bills: Comparing Tax Implications of Fixed-Income Investments

Amid the resurgence of interest in fixed-income investments, with Americans pouring billions into assets like Treasury bills, it’s crucial to consider the tax implications. With returns surpassing 4% on many of these investments, the tax bite might be heftier than expected. This article delves into the tax specifics of five popular fixed-income investments: I-Bonds, Certificates of Deposit (CDs), money-market funds, Treasury bills, and municipal bonds.

1. I-Bonds

Historically popular with investors, I-Bonds have offered rates as high as 9.62% in the past. Their tax appeal lies in their exemption from state and local taxes. For federal taxation:

• They generally aren’t taxed until cashed in.
• An annual federal tax payment option exists.
• In some scenarios, if used for higher education expenses, interest can be exempt from federal taxes.

2. Certificates of Deposit (CDs)

CDs, commonly used by many investors, have a straightforward tax structure:

• Interest is typically taxed as ordinary income both at federal and state levels.
• Taxes apply annually, meaning if you have a five-year CD, you’ll owe taxes on the interest accrued each year.

3. Money-Market Funds

These funds, while offering liquidity, come with variable tax considerations:

• Both taxable and tax-free money-market funds exist, contingent on the fund’s underlying investments.
• Taxation can occur at federal and state levels, depending on the fund’s type.

4. Treasury Bills

Treasury bills, backed by the US government’s credit, offer significant tax advantages:

• They’re generally exempt from state and local taxes.
• Federal taxes apply to the interest payments received annually.
• Purchases via TreasuryDirect allow for elective tax withholding.

5. Municipal Bonds

These bonds, issued by local and state entities, have a nuanced tax structure:

• Interest is often exempt from federal taxes.
• They may also be exempt from state taxes if the bond corresponds with the investor’s state of residence. However, out-of-state bonds might be subject to local state taxes.
• Some states offer tax-free interest on muni bonds regardless of the issuing state, while others might tax their own bonds.

Impact on Individuals

For many investors, especially those with taxable accounts, these tax obligations can significantly impact their overall returns. Those in higher income brackets might face the 3.8% net investment income tax once their adjusted gross income surpasses certain thresholds. On the contrary, for those with lower incomes, their Social Security benefits might become taxable.

Looking Forward

With fixed income now being an essential piece of the investment puzzle, investors should be proactive. Those reaping higher yields should assess their tax positions, considering whether they need to make estimated tax payments during the year or adjust their withholding. Being aware of these tax nuances can ensure they maximize their returns and avoid unexpected tax liabilities.

In conclusion, while the allure of higher returns on fixed-income investments is undeniable, it’s essential to approach them with a holistic view. Taxes play a pivotal role in the actual returns realized, and understanding the specific tax implications of each investment can help in making informed decisions.